Loading... # Unit 1 ## P3 These two stories point up a major reason for encouraging courses in research ethics: Good intentions do not necessarily result in ethical decisions. Both of the faculty members in the above scenarios “meant well". In both cases, the faculty members truly believed that what they were doing was morally acceptable. In the first case, Dr. Z's indefensible error was that he was unaware of the conventions of the field. In particular, he seemed blissfully oblivious to the meaning of first authorship. In the second case, Professor R was doing what he thought best for the student without taking into consideration that morality is a public system and that his actions with regard to a single student have public consequences for the practice of science as a profession. ## P4 Well-meaning scientists, such as those just mentioned, can, with the best of intentions, make unethical decisions. In some cases, such decisions may lead individuals to become embroiled in cases of misconduct. A course in research ethics can help such scientists to appreciate that it is their responsibility to know professional conventions as well as to understand the public nature of morality. # Unit 3 ## P32 Practicality and Efficiency Americans have a reputation for being realistic, practical, and efficient. The practical consideration is likely to be given highest priority in making any important decision. Americans pride themselves in not being very philosophically or theretically oriented. If Americans would even admit to having a philosophy, it would probably be that of pragmatism. Will it make money? What is the bottom line? What can I gain from this activity? These are the kinds of questions Americans are likely to ask, rather than: is it aesthetically pleasing? Will it be enjoyable? Will it advance the cause of knowledge? This pragmatic orientation has caused Americans to contribute more inventions to the world than any other country in human history. The love of "practicality”has also caused Americans to view some professions more favorably than others. Management and economics are much more popular in the United States than philosophy or anthropology, and law and medicine more valued than the arts. Americans belittle “emotional" and“subjective" evaluations in favor of“rational" and "objective" assessments. Americans try to avoid being“too sentimental" in making their decisions. They judge every situation“on its own merits." # Unit 4 ## P3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long distance phone calls, and many others. ## P4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off. ## P5 Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or一like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well- informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity. # Unit 6 ## P11 One day Campbell gets a message: The man she'd just seen for the first time two hours earlier has already died.“Ooh," she says, letting out a long, frustrated sigh. She knows what she could have done for him if she'd had more time一the same thing she wants for herself when her life is ending: a chance to have those last conversations, to be comfortable, at home, surrounded by loved ones. ## P12 That's why she tries to focus on what patients want. And when a terminally ill person hangs on longer than seems possible, Campbell has learned that the patient is often waiting for something to be resolved. In one case a dying woman's adult children are gathered at her bedside. One of the daughters, in particular, is heartbroken and distraught. The chaplain leads them in prayer and then the children, leaning on each other, leave the room. "Look, they're together," Campbell whispers to the woman, sensing she is worried about them.“If you want, it's okay to go. They're going to be okay." Within minutes, the woman dies. ## P13 "People are so afraid of how it's going to end," Campbell says.“But when you've been there and held their hand and watched them take their last breath, you see that it's a really powerful moment一powerful and peaceful." # Unit 7 ## P4 I would argue that these CEO's of blue chip corporations are taking a slightly Olympian view of the concept of "strategy." Let's call what they are talking about“grand strategy": a strategy, but in the overarching sense, like the American car industry saying that they are going to move out of gas- guzzlers and into smaller, more fuel- efficient models. And perhaps this is where Allan Leighton and Louis Gerstner were coming from in their earlier quotes.“It was simple," Leighton might say. "Asda had always been about value." Or Gerstner might say:“It was simple. We had to get IBM back to thinking about customer service." Maybe, for a chief executive, that's strategy 一and rightly so. But I can't agree with Welch when he says that“Be number one or number two in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there" was not a strategy. It was, in my humble opinion, a very clear business strategy: one of the many strategies that Welch must have employed in pursuit of his grand strategy, to move out of commodities. And I also don't believe (as Leighton and Gerstner appear to believe) that "low level" strategy is simple or easily chosen, even once the grand strategy is clear, or that it is difficult to devise a radically new strategy. 最后修改：2022 年 01 月 18 日 © 允许规范转载 赞 如果觉得我的文章对你有用，请随意赞赏